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| 1839 |
| | | Andries Pretorius sets up the Boer republic of Natalia, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg | |
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| 1839 |
| | | British troops invade China after the Chinese authorities seize and destroy the opium stocks of British merchants in Canton | |
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| 1842 |
| | | The British abandon Kabul, losing most of the garrison force in the withdrawal to India and bringing to an end the first Anglo-Afghan war | |
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| 1843 |
| | | The British take control of the existing Boer republic and proclaim Natal a British protectorate | |
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| 1844 |
| | | James Polk pledges in his presidential campaign to include the self-proclaimed republic of Texas in the USA | |
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| 1845 |
| | | The expansionist slogan 'Manifest Destiny' is coined by journalist John L. O'Sullivan to emphasize the right of the USA to extend west to the Pacific | |
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| 1847 |
| | | Pretorius leads the last Boer families out of Natal and over the Drakensberg to the high veld | |
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| 1848 |
| | | Harry Smith annexes for Britain the land between the Orange and Vaal rivers, calling it the Orange River Sovereignty | |
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| 1849 |
| | | A British victory at the Battle of Gujarat effectively ends the second Anglo-Sikh war, and is followed by annexation of the Punjab | |
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| 1849 |
| | | Vancouver Island is given the status of a British crown colony, to be followed by British Columbia in 1858 | |
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